3.1. Historical evolution
3.1b. Historical evolution (continuation)
3.2. Microscopic theories
3.3 Electromagnetic properties of the electron
3.4. Critical points in the classical theories

3.1. Historical evolution:

       In spite of the countless experiments produced by the current century, which can justify the presented hypotheses, it will be interesting to survey the historical evolution of electromagnetism on basis of its fundamental concepts. So we shall show the bases on which some paradigms are sustained, and the reader himself will judge whether he will keep on accepting them as absolute truths.

        In 1729 Stephen Gray was the first to ascertain that electric virtue could transferred from a body to another one. Charles Franois Du Fay (1678-1739) showed that such virtue escaped from bodies without suitable isolation; and Pristley (1733-1804) noticed that electricity was distributed on the outer side of a metallic bottle, or in other, escaping from its interior [12]. From 1784 to 1789 Coulomb had his theory published: among his hypotheses there is one connected with this escape effect (the others will soon be introduced):

a) In an electrified conductive body the electric fluid spreads up to the surface but does not get into the body [13].

        This fact was definitely confirmed by Faraday’s experiments and since then it has been corroborated with increasing precision. In the same way other properties were confirmed:

b) Bodies electrified by the same fluid repel one another; the bodies electrified by different fluids attract one another.
c) The attractions or repulsings are produced in the direct reason of the densities or forces of the electric fluids, and in the inverse reason of the square of the distances [13].

        Nowadays it is unreasonable to thing of electric fluid. Countless author, starting with Faraday in 1833, with the electrolysis law, ascertained through different methods the atomic nature of electricity. So we can state that too many electrons in a conductive medium go as far as the limits of their possibilities, that is, as far as the edges of the conductive medium and remain there. At first, in an almost instantaneous stage, we have a great amount of escaping electrons; after the balance is reached, we have an electric charge.

        Coulomb’s law (hypothesis c above) is related to electric charges, with an implicit radial space polarization. If the electron, as seen in H-1, is a vectorial particle and if, as assumed in H-2, the space -- in the absence of electrons -- is isotropic, we might conclude from C-2 and C-3 that: